Impacts of the New Immigration Law in Arizona Essay Example for Free

Impacts of the New Immigration Law in Arizona Essay Maria de Los Angeles is a US immigrant of Hispanic origin and lives with her family in Arizona. When she had the news that the state’s governor had signed the controversial immigration act into law, just like other Hispanic women, she screamed at the top of her voice. Non immigrant colleagues who worked with her just stared not knowing what to do. Outside her little shop, an angry crowd of Hispanic immigrants were conversing in angry tones reacting to the news. They could not believe that in three months time, when the law becomes effective, their lives will change for the worse and thus they should be preparing for tough times ahead. A small boy who was listening to their conversations had difficulties in understanding the impact of the law to their lives. This essay seeks to find out the impact of the new immigration law in Arizona and whether it is racially motivated. It was on April, Friday 23 when the governor of Arizona, Gov. Jan Brewer passed an immigration law called Support our Law enforcement and safe neighborhood act (Sharp, 2010) which is considered one of the toughest laws in anti immigration crusade. This law has sparked debates on the issue of illegal immigration and criticisms from every corner including from the president himself. President Obama has termed it as a sign of irresponsibility on the side of the state’s governance and this may apply to all states and thus he calls for reforms to be done on the federal immigration laws as soon as possible in order to avert these kinds of law by states. The signing of the law has also angered the President of Mexico and so many protesters have come out to criticize it. Many have said that the law reminds them of those days when racism was very active in America and thus the law is inviting racism back to their lives (Goodwin, 2010). What is in this law? The law requires every immigrant to have immigration papers and the police are given that power to ask for them every time they are suspicious of someone as an illegal immigrant. This means that, if they suspect anyone, then they have the power to detain him or her. Any immigrant, who will not be having the immigration papers, will be committing a crime and citizens can actually sue an agency which does not enforce the law. In other words, the police can question anybody irrespective of whether they are committing a crime or not. Even those who are going on with their legal businesses will be at the mercies of the police so long us they come under suspicion. The law punishes those who are found to be in the country illegally by sentencing them to jail for six months and 2,500 dollars as a fine. These punitive measures are going against the federal punishment of deportation (Goodwin, 2010). What are the impacts of the law? 30% of the Arizona population is Hispanic and illegal immigrants of Hispanic origin make up 80%of all immigrants and thus this law is seen as targeting them. The law has been criticized because it encourages the police to arrest people based on their looks, leaving out the evidence that they may actually be committing a crime. The governor tried to justify her actions by saying that she tried everything she could on language to avoid enforcement of this law to be based solely on the race, national origin and color of people but critics have revoked the law by saying that it does not lay out the circumstances under which somebody will be detained apart from the mentioned three that is, color, race and national origin (Goodwin, 2010). Most Americans have also raised their voices against it saying that the law itself is un-American. A senate candidate in Florida, Marco Rubio has said that Americans are not comfortable with the requirement of a group of people carrying documents every where they go. Tom Tancredo, a congress man ,even though he is known to be against illegal immigration, has this time come out to say that the law has gone too far. He said he does not wish for people to be pulled over due to their looks (Goodwin, 2010). The governor has come out to try to settle the issue by ordering the law enforcers to receive special training on how to implement the law by signing an executive order. In her efforts to fight crimes related to illegal immigration, she would also see into it that the law is not misused to infringe on rights of others. President Obama was against it even before it was signed saying that it will bring distrust between the people and the police (Goodwin, 2010). The opponents of the law have sworn to punish Arizona by targeting the state’s coffers. San Francisco city has called its residents to bring to an end their business dealings with Arizona and a boycott has also been called of any convention that will take place in Arizona. Some tourists to Arizona cancelled their reservations in protest to the law, swearing that they would not go back there because of the law. It is too early to predict what would happen to the tourism sector in Arizona and economy at large (Archibold, 2010). The law sparked fresh debates on federal immigration law reforms and this made President Obama to call for immediate complete reforms on the law. The Mexican foreign minister was not left behind in speaking his mind. He said that he is worried about the strained relationship between Mexico and Arizona and also about the Hispanic people and their rights. A Cardinal in Los Angeles termed the requirements of the law as Nazism (Archibold, 2010). The bill has been termed as a rebuke to the former governor of Arizona Janet Napolitano who had supported the bill there prior to her appointment in the Obama’s administration. Since it seems this law could lead to nation wide immigration debate, then the Hispanic voters could be politically motivated to benefit the democrats, energizing the conservative voters also (Archibold, 2010). The Union of American Civil Liberties has criticized the law as it is out to target the Latinos but the proponents say that the law is a good step towards settling the lawlessness at the US –Mexican border where the federal law enforcers have failed to do so. Napolitano argues that the law will facilitate siphoning of state’s wealth which is meant to fight the real crimes of the immigrants thus loosing focus (Warren, 2010). The main thing that is being observed is that the law seeks to overshadow the federal law which is the land’s supreme law (Warren, 2010). It seems that the debate will go through talk shows, lines of protests to the floor of the court to know whether states have power to implement laws that for a long time have been the responsibility of the federal government. Activists have vowed to challenge the law and prevent it from taking effect because it has gone overboard by attacking the authority of the federal government of regulating immigration and empowering the police, giving them too much power. When the law takes effect in July it that means anyone who is found in America illegally would be committing a crime. If one looks like a foreigner or sounds like it, then he will be subjected to lots of questioning by the police to confirm their citizenship (CBS interactive Inc, 2010). Some legal migrants will also find themselves in these kinds of treatments despite their citizenship. Some police departments say that the law would make it difficult to solve crimes because the moment you stop people and question them, this would not go down well with the immigrants and some of them will refuse to cooperate in solving crimes (CBS Interactive Inc, 2010). The republicans and the Democrats have found themselves in hot soup after the law was past. This is a very delicate issue which they did not want to deal with before the midterm elections of the congress because it involves a lot of emotions. The politicians are not the only ones who were affected but even students. In the University of Arizona, students started to withdraw in protest to the law and this prompted its president to write a letter to the school since it had lost so many students. The parents of these students had decided to send them to schools in other states and those who wanted admission to the school withdrew their applications (Binckes, 2010). Republicans have a reason to worry because it seems the Latinos will be in favor of democrats (Sharp, 2010). Since Arizona harbors 460,000 illegal immigrants, the law thus criminalizes their presence in the state. Another effect of the law is that day laborers will have a tough time because citizens are forbidden from employing them and anyone who is found to be ferrying illegal immigrants even if it is a member of the family, they will face the law (Goldman, 2010). Some proponents of this law have said that it is a big step in that it encourages other states and local governments to assert themselves when it comes to immigration issues. States have gotten tired of waiting for the federal government to enforce laws on immigration hence, just like other states which have enacted laws to protect their citizens, Arizona had to do it. In other words, the passing of this law is like telling the Americans to stop waiting for the feds to come to their aid when issues get out of hand. The feds were being told that the states and the local governments were not pleased by what they had to offer (Mcneill, 2010). Is the law racially motivated? Texas law maker, Debbie Riddle has disqualified those who call this law a racially motivated one and that they are up to no good for they are out to divert the attention of the citizens for personal selfish gains (Friedman, 2010). Hillary Clinton, the secretary of state thinks otherwise. She says that the law encourages racial profiling and that the state has overstepped its mandate by trying to impose its laws on people. She says that, racism comes in when the police will be questioning people based on their accents (Political News, 2010). Immigrants’ rights project’s director Mr. Lucas Guttentag says that the law will lead to an increased racial discrimination and profiling of anyone who looks like an immigrant. A former attorney general of Arizona Mr. Grant Woods, said that this law would make people be subjected to profiling because of their color but Mr. Kobach, a law professor disagrees with these two by saying that there is no such provision in the law because the police have been told clearly in the law that they should not base their suspicions solely on race. However, the use of the word solely here has been regarded by some lawyers as giving authority to discriminate or do profiling based on race with the condition that the government is not 100% motivated racially (Schwartz Archibold, 2010). Sean Hannity and his fox news colleague Sarah Palin have revoked the claim that the law would lead to racism even though the law allows the police to consider race in their profiling. For Hannity, he says that the law does not encourage profiling but it actually forbids it. Palin on her part says that there is no opportunity in the law for racial profiling and that lame media should be ashamed for terming the law what it is not; this also applies to the Obama administration since they hold the same views. She is also supported by Mr. Kobach on this view. The law forces the police to make contacts with the federal government to check the status of the immigrants whether they are in the country legally or illegally and this actually reduces racial profiling (Media Matters for America, 2010). The law states that when a person is arrested, his status is checked before he is released. The problem that brings these views’ diversities in the law is that there is no agreement on what is meant by racial profiling. Some say it is when one relies on race and others say when one solely relies on race. The former is the broad meaning and the latter is the narrow meaning. The narrow meaning is not accepted by the Union of American civil liberty because it does not include other racial profiling which is still going on in the country (Media Matters for America, 2010). Some argue that, if the law is allowed to be effective, American would be making a very huge mistake that they will regret for a very long time. The draconian law as it is called by some people is a racial profiling sponsored by the government. The Arizona governor is said to contradict herself especially when it comes to the topic on profiling and some have asked the question whether racial profiling should be ruled out when race combined with other factor, are considered to determine suspicion. So, does it mean that racial profiling refers to only those situations when race is the only factor considered in determining a reasonable suspicion? (Bonner, 2010) In conclusion, from the impacts of the law it can be observed that the law will not only affect the illegal immigrants from Mexico but also anyone who is an alien in America including Africans who find themselves in Arizona. The debate is still on, on whether the law is actually racially motivated or not. The Arizona’s governor has made futile attempts to persuade the Americans that the law is actually constitutional but so many people have vowed to challenge the law in court or try to block its implementation. The courts are the ones which will determine whether the law is racially motivated or not. The question that most Americans are still asking themselves is how does an illegal immigrant look like?

Hydrogen Fusion is the Future Source of Energy Essay -- Energy Power G

Hydrogen Fusion, the Future Source of Energy Abstract The world is currently in an energy crisis with no end in sight. Many technologies can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and have the possibility of ending the energy crisis. Hydrogen fusion holds great promise with its no pollution energy output. If more energy can be created than is used to start the fusion process, the energy crisis might become a thing of the past. Over half of the energy used now comes from fossil fuels, which is around 2.77*10^14 KJ in 2003. ITER, which is under construction right now in France, will have the possibility of releasing 500 MW of energy as an output. By developing methods that reduce the energy needed to start the fusion process, hydrogen fusion might end our need to use fossil fuels. Introduction Humanity has faced many crises in the past few millennia. From the Black Plague of Medieval Times to World War II in the 1940’s, humans have always had some form of large-scale problem to deal with. Now in our modern times, we as humans are facing one of the toughest: the energy crisis. This dilemma will have the greatest involvement of human minds to figure out a possible solution. The majority of all the energy produced in the world comes from fossil fuels. In these strange times, humans are now looking for new viable sources of energy to replace the highly depleted fossil fuels. One of the newer possibilities that can be used as a new form of energy is hydrogen fusion. One of the earliest experiments in this technology was in the late 1960’s with the development of the Tokamak. The Tokamak was a Soviet-built magnetic confinement device developed by Igor Tamm and Andrei Sakharov. The shape of the Hydrogen Fusio... ...al Total Primary Energy Consumption (Demand) Information. 25 July 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2005 from http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html ITER. 3 August 2005. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 3 August 2005 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITER JET. 27 July 2005. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 31 July 2005 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_European_Torus Nave, C.R. Hyper Physics. Retrieved July 21, 2005. From Georgia State University Department of Physics and Astronomy Website: http://hyperphysics.phyastr. gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fusion.html Tokamak. 27 July 2005. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 31 July 2005 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak WEC Scenario A3 jpg. 20 July 2005. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 31 July 2005 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:WEC_Scenario_A3.jpg

Adolf Hitler: a Leadership Analysis

Adolf Hitler BSM Portfolio Assignment This paper demonstrates Hodges University’s learning outcome of leadership. Kevin J. Van Dyk – Third Wheel Hodges University MNA4360 Leadership for Managers Professor Ron Harbour Due: November 7, 2012 Graded by BSM Instructor: __________________________ Grade Awarded: __________________________________ Introduction For the past seventy years, Adolf Hitler has been known as one of the most evil men in history. The Fueherer, as he was known, exhumed hatred and violence in his pursuit of power.A vile man, driven by violence and a lust for power, eventually drove himself mad with his own idealistic vision of what a perfect world would be, and how he would achieve it. While his motives may have been questionable, his ability to lead and influence people is not. This case study will analyze the leadership tactics utilized by Adolf Hitler, as well as the personal issues he had with himself, society and the world he lived in. Also, Hitlerâ €™s unmatched desire for ultimate power, which ultimately led to his demise, will be examined as well. Ambitious scarcely describes the intensity of the lust for power and the craving to dominate which consumed him† (Green, 2001, pg. 8). Leadership, though defined through text books as, â€Å"The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals† (Judge. 2013, 368), is not only limited to the ability to influence people. Leadership also includes the mental and physical maturity and knowledge to be able to influence people ethically and morally.The greatest problem with Hitler’s leadership was that he allowed his ego driven desire for power to become greater than his vision for his country. Without the ethical and moral standards, leaders become dictators, and most will become separated from their wits and end up with less than optimal results. Situation Analysis In Management: The New Competitive Landscape, Bateman defines situat ion analysis as, â€Å"a process planners use within, time and resource constraints, to gather, interpret and summarize all information relevant to the planning issue under consideration† (pg. 108).A situation analysis is a tool used to assess a particular situation and dissect the internal and external parts, focusing on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organization in order to accomplish a goal. Internal Environment The internal environment, or the factors that Hitler can control, are in his eyes limitless. Hitler truly believed he was in control of everything. His goals were driven by hatred and a hunger for power. â€Å"Hitler was a master of nationalist appeal† (Green, 2001, pg. 13), and â€Å"speech was the essential medium of his power† (Green, 2001, pg. ). The way he viewed the world he lived in, Hitler was able to control everything and everyone around him through his ability to speak and influence. Anything he could not contr ol, he sought to destroy, which included but was not limited to the Jews, Marxists, Czechs, Poles, French, any intellectual and the educated middle class. From an outside perspective, Hitler was a selfish, hateful, spiteful, violent man with demented goals towards world domination, and essentially was a cancer to the world. External EnvironmentThe external environment, which includes the factors uncontrollable by Hitler, to him is non-existent. Hitler controlled his external environment through brute force and violence along with fear. Countries like France and Britain allowed him to act this way for a great deal of time, as well as did some of the smaller areas conquered by the Nazi forces. It’s wasn’t until Hitler’s ego driven motives were finally seen by the rest of the world did anyone begin to rise up against him. Eventually, the other worldly enemies of Germany were able to stand up against him.Hitler’s own arrogance also became an external factor, as towards the end, he was unable to control his emotions or separate his delusion from reality. Political turmoil combined with good timing allowed Hitler to rise to power legally and begin to rally the people of Germany behind his vulgar plans. SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis is an evaluation a company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (Armstrong, 2010, p. 77). A SWOT analysis is a useful tool in comparing a business, or in this case a character’s, traits to the situation and to other characters.A SWOT analysis for Adolf Hitler * Strengths * Passionate Speaker * Charismatic * Calculated * Gifted Actor and Politician * Weaknesses * Angry and full of rage * Defensive * Ego driven and selfish * He became convinced of his own infallibility (EGO) * Opportunities * Rose to power during a time of political unrest and indecisiveness in Germany * Master of surprise tactics: gauged the psychological effects * Threats * Anyone who interfered with his mission was an enemy of the people. * Intellectual and educated people.Hitler was a very passionate speaker that was incredibly adept to connecting to his audience in order to influence or persuade. The people he was speaking to would feel his passion. His charisma for speaking combined with the weak structure of Germany at the time made him influential beyond any other. He had the combined skills of an actor and a politician, â€Å"he could talk well and he had the actor’s gift of mimicry to amuse his companions. (Green, 2001, pg. 12), and everything he said and did had a calculated thought behind it.He was never caught off guard or accidently let anything slip, â€Å"he never let slip and unconsidered word. He never said what he did not intend to say and he never blurted out a secret. Everything was the result of cold calculation† (Green, 2001, pg. 7). Hitler’s own ego was his biggest weakness. The arrogance to believe that his was a â€Å"man with a mission, marked ou t by Providence, and therefore exempt from the ordinary cannons of human conduct† (pg. 9). Hitler also had no respect for any type of God or higher being, deeming himself as a supreme deity in his own eyes.Anyone that believes they are on a divine mission to destroy and conquer clearly needs a path back to reality. His anger and rage would often play through during his speeches, though it was stated that he would often catch himself, calm himself, flatten his hair and continue on as if nothing had happened, and he also had a tendency to be on the defensive, making excuses and pointing the finger at anyone but himself or his country for the shortcomings of the time. Hitler took advantage of a great opportunity in early 1930’s Germany. There was a time of political unrest and uncertain leadership.The leaders of the respective political parties were weak, and Hitler saw the chance to put his plan into action to build the perfect nation. Incredibly patient and a master of t he surprise tactic, he waited until the timing was perfect to seize any opportunity. The greatest threats Hitler faced would be anyone that he was unable to control. The intellectual and the well-educated didn’t buy in to his rhetoric. Hitler had one way, his way. If you weren’t with him, you were against him. Anyone that interfered with his mission was an enemy of the people. Problem IdentificationBeing a leader is not just about influencing people to achieve a goal; leadership has to do with the motives behind the organization and its goals as well. When a leader allows their own ego to dictate the direction of the organizational goals instead of what’s best for the organization, a problem will occur. Such is the case of Adolf Hitler. His ego driven desire for power outweighed the organizational goals for the people of Germany and the rest of the world. An idealistic perfect nation was a nice thought, but eventually the overly eccentric steps taken forced Hitl er across the line from leader to dictator.Best Choice of Action I truly believe that Adolf Hitler could have been the world’s emperor, had he not let his ego get in the way. His biggest threats at the time were Britain and France, who he had kept on their heels for the majority of his time in power. Instead of being aggressive and driving forward hastily, Hitler allowed his ego to define his decision making. A lack of advisors in addition to an incredible ego cost him his empire. At one point Hitler said he would rather lose Germany altogether than surrender. The best choice of action for Hitler would have been to not be so closed off and untrusting.To appoint a cabinet of trusted officials that could help him objectively make a decision, as objectively as a genocidal maniac could possibly be, of course. With a little bit of an outside viewpoint, Hitler may have been able to see the flaws in his â€Å"Mission from Providence† and instead been able to be more efficient and effective in his plans for world domination. Characters Hitler had several types of power during his reign. Though seized through an opportunistic election, Hitler was granted Legitimate Power over Germany though their election process.The leader with legitimate power â€Å"has the right, or the authority, to tell other what to do. (Bateman, 2004, pg. 369). He also had Coercive Power, or the control over punishments. (Bateman). Hitler certainly used an Autocratic Leadership Model, which â€Å"makes decisions, then announces them to the group† (Bateman, 2004, pg. 374), He was also a very charismatic leader; charismatic leaders are â€Å"dominant and exceptionally self-confident and have a strong conviction in the moral righteousness of their beliefs† (Bateman, 2004, pg. 83). In addition to all this, Hitler was also a transformational leader, â€Å"Transformational leaders get people to transcend their personal interests for the sake of the larger community† (pg. 383). These qualities combined made Adolf Hitler the leader that he was, or at least the leader he started out to be. Once his ego and his own personal vendetta with the world clouded his vision for the organization, his empire began to crumble and his ability as a leader ceased. Student Use of Leadership OutcomeThis past week, Hodges University at PHCC was invited down to the main campus in Fort Myers in order to receive an award for outstanding leadership and activity. Although I am not currently the leader of this group, I seized this opportunity to go to the main campus and meet with the influential people within the university structure. As a new club at a satellite campus, the Ambassador Club was having trouble being noticed and acknowledged by the university. At this ceremony, I made sure to meet with the important department heads, deans and advisors in order to establish a channel of communication for the future.Our biggest problem as an organization right now, is tha t we are virtually unseen, by not only our community, but our university and campus as well. When I tell people I go to Hodges University, most people say, â€Å"Where’s that? † and â€Å"Huh? †. Even the students on PHCC’s campuses hardly know what Hodges University is. Our struggle with the university has been gaining the backing we need in order to secure a foothold within the community. A presence on campus and in the social eye would not only increase the student’s experience, but could possibly increase enrollment and student involvement.Our goal for the coming year is to show the university that we are getting noticed in the community and on our campus. We want to be noticed not only by the students, but by the administration as well in order to generate a better experience for students, alumni, faculty and prospective students alike. Learning to utilize the different types of power in leadership positions and when to use them allowed me to make the impression I needed to make in the presence of other leaders in positions of power. Conclusion Leadership is about more than just getting a flock of sheep to follow.Leadership is about having the moral and ethical maturity to influence people towards the right goals for the right reasons. Hitler lost sight of the moral and ethical end. He decided that his own diving ego was more important than the organization he was leading, which just so happened to be his nation of people. Hitler set out wanting to build a stronger, more dominate nation, a perfect nation above the rest. At first, he was charismatic and extremely effective. Once the leader loses the ability to influence, his ability to lead is gone.The people began to see how eccentric and evil and violent Hitler really was, and in effect, how unfit of a leader he truly was. Had Hitler had the moral ground ethical ability to continue to influence his people to follow him, the world may have ended up in a very different wa y. Reference Armstrong, G & Kotler, P. (2010). Principles of Marketing (14th Ed. ) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Bateman, T. S. (2004). Management: The New Competitive Landscape (6th Ed. ) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Green, W. , & McCarthy, G. (2001). Adolf Hitler. Oneonta, NY: The Hartwick Humanities in Management Institute.Judge, T, & Robbins, S. (2013). Organizational Behavior. Certification Statement I hereby certify that this paper constitutes my own original work and is properly quoted and cited where I have used the writings of another. Further, this paper has not been submitted for credit in any other Hodges University class or other college course or for publication elsewhere. Kevin J. Van Dyk You have 1 Essay Outgoing Title| Subject| E-Structor| Submission Time| | Hitler Case Analysis: Leadership| | Essay Center – 1 hrreview| | 11/06/2012 07:02:44 PM| You have 0 Question Outgoing Title| Subject| E-Structor| Submission Time|

The Reformation And How It Shaped Our Western World

This year is a special year in particular as of the year 2017 on October 31st celebrates the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. It started in Germany but then spread all across Europe. The Reformation was needed to help modernize Christianity but it also created divides in the Protestant Movement. What is interesting is that there were other movements within the Catholic Church that predated 1517, so what made Martin Luther so special. This paper will go in depth on the accounts of the reformation and how it shaped our western world. Some theorists just look at when the Lutheran Augsburg Confession was printed or even the Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years War or even in the long run until the 18th century with all the options of a person to pick from for their religion from just being a catholic to now a Lutheran, Calvinist, or Anabaptist or be a member of the church of England. Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII all contested the authority of the catholic church and split up Europe. From the transition from the middle ages to the reformation, there were strong central nationalized monarchies. Germany and Italy were divided up into smaller territories and with state making breaking up the religious map of Europe. All across France, England, Germany, etc. lots of Reformation coalitions formed, evolved, and then died off. Some lacked peasant participation outside Germany and others had to gain support of the nobles to allow protection for these newShow MoreRelatedHow the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution Led to a More Secular and Democrtatic Society1437 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Revolutions Lead to Political Reform: How the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution Led to a more Secular and Democratic Political Atmosphere. Since the beginning of time cultural views have influenced and shaped our society but never has more change occurred than during the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution. We leave the middle ages a society of Kings and feudal life and emerge with the beginnings of modern political theory. The RenaissanceRead MoreThe Case For Contamination By Kwame Anthony Appiah1448 Words   |  6 Pagessociety and avert it from achieving a pluralistic environment. He claims that cosmopolitanism enables individuals to adopt foreign culture based on how they see fit within their cultural context, and without â€Å"structuring the consciousness† and detaching people from traditional beliefs. Indeed, people consider their traditional beliefs when introduced to Western culture because it allows them to draw valuable lessons from cultural import and enforce their own principles and notions. However, there areRead MoreThe Nineteen Five Theses On The Power And Efficacy Of Indulgences1336 Words   |  6 PagesTheses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences† in 1517, he was making a bold and unprecedented move: challenging the Catholic Church. As a German Catholic priest himself, Luther was not afraid to condemn the Catholic Church, even publicly, which is how he displayed the original copy of the theses. Luther’s issue with the church wasn’t personal but was instead based on what he saw as violation of the religious morals and teachings of God. For example, he highly disapproved the church’s several claimsRead MoreChristian Reflection Paper1874 Words   |  8 Pagesmajor world religions. I learned about the significance of God, Jesus, the Holy Spi rit and the Trinity based on the teachings of the Bible. The course also briefly covered 2,000 years of church history but with emphasis on the impact of the Council of Nicea, Council of Chalcedon, and John and Charles Wesley on Christianity. The professor emphasized the importance of the reformation that sparked a revolution in the church. The course began by distinguishing Christianity from other major world religionsRead MoreThe Is Made Flesh, And Christ1985 Words   |  8 PagesTwo millennia ago, â€Å"the word was made flesh† and Christ was born into this world with a human body. The Incarnation has become central to all Western Civilization, forming a cornerstone belief of Christianity. This is an enduring theme that connects works of art across the broad spectrum of western tradition. Artists throughout history have been creating works of art depicting the reality of His mortal childhood. Yet, the meaning and representation of His physicality differs across generations. AsRead MoreGreed Study Guide2179 Words   |  9 Pagesti Quiz V Study Guide (Greed) Humanities 102: Introduction to Western Civilization Mr. Vehse 1. Phyllis Tickle is the author of our current text, Greed. What is Ms. Tickles profession? -A religion editor for a trade journal 2. How does Tickle define or, if you like, describe religion? -From that perspective, religion is most accurately seen as a rope or cable of meaning that stretches through human history and has anchored, in one form or another, every culture or subculture of human societyRead MoreIslam: Examination of Misconceptions and Beliefs1663 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Islam - A Highly Controversial Sensitive Issue in Todays World: Examination of Misconceptions and Beliefs Objective The objective of this work is to examine Islam, a highly controversial sensitive issue in todays world and specifically to examine the misconceptions, beliefs, and values of those of the Islamic faith. Most people think that the majority of Muslims live in the Middle East, while in reality there are more people of the Islamic faith living in Indonesia. Islam, just as Judaism andRead MoreMajor Traditions Of Western Theology Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pages1. Briefly compare and contrast two (2) of the major traditions of western theology. Put these in conversation with each other and show how they critique and/or complement one another. The Reformed theology expresses an explicit theology that is based on foundational beliefs, including high esteem for Scripture (infallible and inerrant) and a theocentric-focused posture that states the triune God should be center of Christianity (as opposed to only Jesus). These beliefs are applied to all of creationRead MoreThe Artistic Style Of Mannerism1826 Words   |  8 Pagesfocused on the human form, depicted in intricate poses with exaggerated and not always realistic settings. This style is the first observation of artists using an individual way of painting, the personal vision and pictorial understanding of their world. The new generation of artists felt that they could not develop the Renaissance style any further. These new artists sought new goals and as a result turned against the traditional artistic standards set by the works of Leonardo, Michelangelo and RaphaelRead MoreGlobalization Is A Process Of Interaction And Integration Among The People, Companies, And Governments Of Countries1983 Words   |  8 Pages Within this essay I will discuss how the theories of globalisation originate from a very Eurocentric ideology because when it comes to the different theories of globalisation whether it is Marxism, liberalism or neo-realism we often find that while these theories have different approaches to globalisation, they still all have an underlying Eurocentric metanarrative. This is because they all seem to have accepted that west is somehow superior to the non-western states and this is apparently due to

Operant Conditioning Is A Type Of Learning Essay - 1567 Words

The first way that behavior perspective, learning is incorporated in the classroom is through operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a type of learning that encourages behavior by having reinforcements to follow that behavior. Through my observations I saw how student’s behaviors are more operant rather than respondents. For example, the students in my classroom have learned when there are in the whole group environment they must raise their hands quietly when there are ready to talk and teacher often responses with a positive reinforcement by calling on them to speak. If the students don’t raise their hands or are talking when isn’t their time to talk my cooperating teacher uses negative punishment  µ, by saying â€Å"I only call on students who raise their hands when they are ready to talk† or by not calling on that particular student until they stopping. Another way is when the students are working on math worksheets the students understand to raise their hands when they are complete with their assignment. When the student’s hands are raised either my cooperating teacher and I go correct their work by giving it a star signifying they move on to assignment or we circle particular problems the students need to further work on. If my teacher feels like the students have worked really hard on the assignments regardless if they all finished she often will remove the blue remember worksheets on Friday and let them play math games on the iPad. A cue or prompt that myShow MoreRelatedPavlov s Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning1172 Words   |  5 PagesPavlov’s Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studiesRead MoreClassical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning1189 Words   |  5 Pagessimilarities between Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning? Many people believe that Classical and Operant are similar. Several people don’t know what the similarities and differences of Classical and Operant are, several people think it is the same learning method, which in this case I’m going to compare and contrast each behavior and give you information about each one, so you could have a better understanding of each method and what they do. Classical and Operant are very similar to each otherRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning And Skinner s Operant Conditioning1243 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Conditioning and Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. There are two types of learning, associative learning and cognitive learning. Associative learning occurs when a person or an animal forms a simple association among various stimuli, behaviors, or both. It requires little to no awareness or thought. Cognitive learning refers to understanding, knowing, and anticipating. Our subject today comes from associative learning. ThereRead MorePhobias1174 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped through operant conditioning and how addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. This essay also examines the distinctions between classical and operant condition and examines â€Å"extinction† as it relates to psychological theory and how extinction is achieved in classical and operant conditioning. Phobias and Addictions Numerous psychologists believe that behaviors are learned through conditioning. These conditionings are known as operant, which is based onRead MoreClassical and Operant Conditioning Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pagespeople may believe that learning is just a natural response that all animals are capable of, there is actually a more complex explanation on how we learn the things we do in order to survive in the world. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both basic forms of learning, they have the word conditioning in common. Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organismRead MoreCompare and Constrast Classical and Operant Conditioning737 Words   |  3 Pagescontrast classical and operant conditioning, their theories, terminology, famous psychologists and applications of the theory for teaching. Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioral psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. In order to understand how each of these behavior modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one anotherRead MoreLearning Experience Paper1290 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will discuss my learning experiences and analyze them with the perspective of learning theories. I will analyze my learning experiences with regards to classical conditioning, operant conditioning and cognitive- social learning theory. First of all, I would begin by describing my experience of learning to fear lizards with regards to classical conditioning. To give some context to the situation, I was raised in India where lizards, usually in large numbers, are often found on wallsRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1146 Words   |  5 Pagesthat is learning. â€Å"Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior produced by an experience.† There are different kinds of ways that people and animals learn. People can adjust the way they learn to the different situations in which they are learning and what they have to learn. One form of learning is known as conditioning. Conditioning stresses the relationship between stimuli and responses. The two types of conditioning found are Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. As statedRead MoreA Study on Operant and Classical Conditioning1477 Words   |  6 PagesOperant and Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning best explains reflective responding that is largely controlled by stimuli preceding the response, while operant conditioning is the kind of learning influenced by stimulus events that follow the responses. (Weiten). In operant conditioning, reinforcement is defined as after the fact. Reinforcement follows a response and increases tendency to make the response. In classical conditioning, the reinforcement comes before the response is madeRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1204 Words   |  5 Pages One major aspect of psychology is learning. Learning can be defined as the change of a being’s behavior or actions brought about by its experiences. Learning has multiple forms and facets. Two of the most important of these are what are known as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. These forms of learning are very practical and can be seen and used in everyday life. Classical and operant conditioning are different form s of learning which have importance in everyday life and can

Essay on Managing Financial Resource - 2393 Words

There are financial implications for individuals accessing and using services in health care services, Evaluate the impact of these financial implication on service users. (AC 4.3) The pursuit of equity of access to health care is a central objective of many health care systems. Yet, financial incentives can influence patients because, although the UK system is essentially ‘free at the point of use’, there are charges for specific services including eye tests, dental check-ups, and dispensing of prescription medicines. Charges can act as a deterrent to patients and as a barrier to access. The impact of user charges affects different socio-economic groups in different ways. For some groups, access may not be compromised by a co-payment,†¦show more content†¦The shift in the balance of NHS and private dental care reflects the interests and preferences of dentists rather than of the public. It suggests, however, that a continued shift towards private practice is a trend that the public will not find acceptable, which might limit the extent of expansion of private practice. Hughes and McGuire (1995) estimated the impact of charges for drug prescriptions in the NHS and found evidence to suggest that user charges reduced the number of prescriptions cashed in the UK. However, the impact of user charges is likely to affect different socioeconomic groups differently. Lundberg et al. (1998) found that price sensitivity decreased with age, income, education and self-rated health status. Furthermore, they found that sensitivity to user charges for drugs varied greatly between different types of drugs; for example, they found that if user charges doubled 40% of antitussive users would reduce their consumption, whereas only 11% of users of drugs for menopausal problems would reduce their consumption. It should be recognised that in the UK user charges are means-tested; low-income families and people over 65 years are exempt, as are individuals with certain chronic conditions, such as diabetes. Some commentators suggested that user charges could (and should) beShow MoreRelatedManaging Financial Resources4675 Words   |  19 Pagesof Contents Choosing a Financial Source 1. Sources of Finance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3 2. Term Length of Funding†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Page 5 3. Venture Capital Sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....Page 5 Decision Making 1. Team Building†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Page 6 2. Cost of Finance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 7 3. Flow of Cash†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 8 4. Balance Sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 9 Financial Performance 1. Financial Statements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreManaging Financial Resources5335 Words   |  22 PagesCollege [pic] Assignment Managing Financial Resources IBM HMC17 Author: Peter Neirynck Learning Team: Regional Group B – TIE team Date: October 29, 2007 Management Summary This paper analyses critically the financial performance management within IBM Software Group Belgium and IBM Southwest IOT. In order to understand how the financial reporting is an enabler for the execution of the corporate strategy, we analyse the published financial information, the budgeting cycleRead MoreManaging Financial Resources3012 Words   |  13 PagesManaging financial resources Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Past Financial Performance of Elim Limited A. Purpose of this Analysis B. The Importance of Standards C. Descriptions of Past Performance 3. Implications of Elim’s Past Performance 4. Information Needs amp; Its Importance D. List of Decisions E. Information Needs of Different Parties 5. Analysis of Different Strategies F. Cost Control G. New Product Development Read MoreManaging Financial Resources and Decision1445 Words   |  6 PagesManaging Financial Resources and Decisions-HND Assignment HND Assignment Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Scenario: Emaar Properties on Sunday announced to build a new hotel in Downtown area and that will be the second tallest property in the high-end area, according to chief executive officer for retail Arif Amiri. Amiri did not disclose value of the project and even declined to give the sale price. â€Å"We will announce the price at public launch on September 22,† he told reporters atRead Moremanaging financial resources Essay3020 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿ St. Patrick’s College London HND Health and Social Care Management MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE John Egharevba CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.p.3 LO1 Understand how systems are used to manage financial resources in health and social care 1.1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pp.3-4 1.2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..pp.4-5 1.3................................................................................Read MoreManaging Financial Resources and Decisions1091 Words   |  5 PagesUNIT 2: MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND DECISIONS Unit 2: Unit code: QCF level: Credit value: Aim Managing Financial Resources and Decisions H/601/0548 4 15 credits The unit aim is to provide learners with an understanding of where and how to access sources of finance for a business, and the skills to use financial information for decision making. Unit abstract This unit is designed to give learners a broad understanding of the sources and availability of finance for a business organisationRead MoreManaging Financial Resources in Health 3192 Words   |  13 Pagesbased on the concept of financial management and the business resources in health care based company (Bryans, 2007). It is aimed to provide emphasis on the impression of costs and control that are available in the social health care settings. It is also required to provide deep examination of the system that are used in the health care industry to provide effective financial and resource management (Groppelli Angelico, 2000). This ensures that the organization resources are managed effectivelyRead MoreManaging Financial Resources and Decisions1280 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment Brief Unit 2 Managing Financial Resources and Decisions P.1. Identify short term, medium term and long term sources of finance available to Blue Orange Solutions. Long Term âÅ"“ Loans âÅ"“ Debentures âÅ"“ Bank loans (mortgage) âÅ"“ Merchant or Investment Banks Short / Medium Term âÅ"“ Bank loans âÅ"“ Overdraft facilities âÅ"“ Trade credit âÅ"“ Leasing 1. Business Angels Read MoreManaging Financial Resources And Decisions2502 Words   |  11 Pages Unit Number: 2 Unit Title: Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Unit 2: Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Assignment Cover Sheet Assignment No: 825789 I hereby confirm that this assignment is my own work. I have identified and acknowledged all sources used in this assignment and have referenced according to the Harvard referencing system. I have read and understood the Plagiarism and Collusion section provided with the assignment brief and understoodRead MoreManaging Financial Resources And Decisions1818 Words   |  8 PagesIDP 2: Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Assignment Introduction All businesses need finance because that refers to sources of money for business. The reason why firms need finance to: - Start-up a business – eg: pay for premises, new equipment and business strategies short-term or long-term. - Run the business – eg: having enough money to pay for rent, rate, bills, wages and suppliers on time. - Expand the business – e.g.: having funds to pay for new equipment, new office or a branch

1998 Ap Ushistory Dbq free essay sample

On the contrary, the Democratic-Republicans favored the protection of states’ rights and the strict containment of federal power. The Democratic-Republicans were strict constructionists and they believed only in the enumerated powers of the Constitution. Up until 1800, these descriptions of the two political parties were very accurate. However during the period of 1801-1817, the Jefferson and Madison’s presidencies reveal that these characterizations were accurate only to a certain extent. These characterizations became inaccurate when Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe stepped up in power as president and were forced to compromise their political views for the benefit of the country in the face of war, economic pressure, and threats to the Union. In the beginning of Jefferson ‘s first term as president, Jefferson made it clear that he would do anything to uphold the Republican principles he held dear in his heart. Jefferson believed that the preservation of the Constitution was essential if Americans wanted to live in a â€Å"harmonious and solid country† (Doc. A). He believed that part of the preservation of the Constitution included keeping the power within the states, making sure they were independent. This meant that the government had no business meddling with state issues such as religious institutions, doctrines, discipline or exercises (Doc. B). The one of the very few things the federal government was allowed to regulate in states was commerce with foreign nations and the power of taxation. However there was a very distinct line that was drawn between regulating commerce and completely cutting off commerce with foreign nations when Jefferson passed the Embargo Act of 1807 (Doc. C). This Act completely cut off commerce with foreign nations until the British and the French repealed their trading restrictions on neutral shippers. As a result the American export trade and its profits dried up. Many people deemed this Act unconstitutional; the constitution only grants congress the power to regulate commerce, it does not however state that they have the power to completely cut it off. This by itself contradicts everything Jefferson stood up for. Albert Gallatin, one of the best financial minds in the Republican Party, convinced Jefferson that the Bank of the U. S. was essential for financial stability. Although the creation of the Bank of the U. S. reduced the nation’s debt from 83 million in 1800 to 57 million by 1809 , the creation in its self shows a great deal of broad constructionism. Although the bank was a reasonable means of carrying out powers related to taxation and the borrowing of funds, nowhere in the constitution does it state that congress has the power to charter a bank. John Randolph, a Republican congressman from Virginia, claimed that â€Å"this government (Jeffersonian) created and gave power to congress to regulate commerce and equalize duties in the whole of the U. S, and not to lay a duty but with a steady eye to revenue†. What John Randolph was trying to say was that the Jeffersonian Republicans lost their view on strict constructionism, that they were interpreting the law in whichever way pleased them the most. Towards the end of Jefferson’s presidency and especially after, he and the Jeffersonian Republicans came to realize that although they were â€Å"not an advocate for frequent and untried changes in laws and constitutions† (Doc. G) there came a point when change is needed, a constitution that defined a nation many years ago cannot define a nation that has advanced in so many aspects, it would only hold the nation back. When Jefferson left office, James Madison was left with a divided party, a revived Federalism and an unresolved crisis in foreign affairs. For the most part, the Federalists during Madison’s time only used their view on broad constructionism when it was accommodating them. For example when the Hamilton institution tried to pass a conscription bill during America’s first great war, Daniel Webster, a federalist from New Hampshire claimed that it was unconstitutional and that nowhere in the constitution does it state that Congress had the right to enact a law enforcing a draft of men out of the militia and into the regular army (Doc. D). The constitution stated that men are entitled to aid the militia of the states. The aid of the militia were stated as the right – â€Å"to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or execute the laws† however Federalists believed that Congress had the right to interpret the Constitution based on connotation; making Madison’s bill not unconstitutional, based on Federalist belief. When the Internal Improvement Bill was vetoed by Madison in 1817, everyone was in utter shock. Although he agreed with the bill’s objectives; he was convinced that the Constitution did not permit federal financing of primarily local projects. He also believed that â€Å"such a power is not expressly given by the Constitution† which shows that he also followed strict constructionist beliefs, when necessary. However, John Marshall, the chief justice of the court, also a Federalist used broad constructionism in almost all his cases. In one of the more famous trials, Marbury vs. Madison (1803), he declared that the first Congress, in 1789, had behaved unconstitutionally in attempting, in Section 13 of the First Judiciary Act, to enlarge the Supreme Court’s powers beyond constitutional limits by authorizing the Court, as a trial court, to entertain suits for mandamus against public officials. He used his broad constructionist view to be able to deem Marbury’s appointment as an officer of the court unconstitutional. During the period of 1801-1817, the Jefferson and Madison’s presidencies reveal that the Federalists and Jefferson Republicans could not be characterized by one belief. The Jefferson republicans were characterized as strict constructionists and the Federalists were considered to be broad constructionists, these characterizations only hold true to a certain extent because throughout history neither party stuck to their beliefs the whole way through.